Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580005, India;
Author
Correspondence author
Plant Gene and Trait, 2013, Vol. 4, No. 14 doi: 10.5376/pgt.2013.04.0014
Received: 03 Jun., 2013 Accepted: 12 Jul., 2013 Published: 25 Aug., 2013
This is an open access article published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Kumar at et., 2013, Heterosis studies in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), Plant Gene and Trait, Vol.4, No.4 74-77 (doi: 10.5376/pgt.2013.04.0014)
The estimation of heterosis in 72 hybrids for yield and other 13 yield related component traits were studied following Line x tester design in chilli. Maximum heterosis (49.09 %) for dry fruit yield per plant and fruit weight (21.70 %) over standard check was observed in the cross Co-1 x Byadagi dabbi and for plant height and number of primary branches the cross GPC-82 x Singanahalli local. The hybrid Punjab Lal x KDC-1 had more number of fruits per plant, while Puri red x Lokur local and Puri red x KDC-1 were early for days to 50 per cent flowering. The hybrid G-3 x VN-2 exhibited highest heterosis for fruit diameter and pericarp weight. For fruit length and number of seeds per fruit the cross Co-1 x Byadagi dabbi while, S-32 x Lokur local showed maximum standard heterosis for dry fruit yield per plant. The hybrids Co-1 x Byadagi dabbi (40.09 %), Co-1 Lokur local (40.97 %), G-3 x Lokur local (39.92 %), Co-1 x KDC-1 (36.10 %), G-4 x Byadagi dabbi (34.19 %) and Kunkaur-3 x Byadagi dabbi (32.66 %) were considered most heterotic hybrids for yield and yield related components viz., number of secondary branches, number of fruit per plant, fruit length, fruit weight and pericarp weight.
Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important commercial crop of India grown for its green fruits as vegetable and red form as spice. It belongs to family Solanaceae and has a chromosome number 2n=24. Many food industries have extracted the oleoresin from chilli and is being used in the preparation of processed products and pharmaceutical preparations. Chilies have two important qualities, biting pungency attributed to capsaicin and captivating red colour due to pigment capsanthin. Even though India ranks first in chilli area and production, the yield potential is low due to poor yielding varieties and high incidence of pests and diseases. One of the methods to achieve quantum jump in yield and quality is heterosis breeding. Therefore, to meet this objective in a shorter time the heterosis breeding has been undertaken to develop and identify the suitable best performing hybrids.
Results and Discussion
The estimates of mean sum of squares due to parents showed significant difference for all the characters except number of primary branches and stalk weight indicating the presence of sufficient variability among the parents studied (Table 1). Variance due to females was significant for all the traits except number of primary branches. Similarly male parents showed significant difference for all the traits except number of primary branches and stalk weight revealing presence of sufficient genetic variability among female and male parents for majority of the characters studied. The interaction between female×male and parent’s vs hybrids was significant for all the characters studied except number of primary branches, stalk length and stalk weight and plant height, stalk length and stalk weight respectively. This indicates enormous amount of variability present among the genotypes studied.
.png)
Table 1 Mean sum of squares for parents and hybrids in respect of 14 characters in chilli
|
The ranges for mean performance and for various heterotic effects as well as the heterotic crosses identified on the basis of these two parameters are presented in Table 2. The maximum range of mean performance for parents and crosses was observed for number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit and dry fruit yield per plant. High magnitude of average heterosis (71.04%) and better parent heterosis (70.24%) was recorded by the cross G-4×VN-2, and economic heterosis (40.09%) by the cross Co-1×Byadagi dabbi respectively for dry fruit yield per plant. Heterosis for dry yield was also reported by Jarnail Singh (1987) and Mishra et al (1989). Considering the standard heterotic effects, the number of crosses having desirable heterosis was more with number of fruits per plant, seed weight, plant height, days to 50% flowering, number of seeds per fruit, pericarp weight and dry fruit yield per plant. Yield contributing characters such as number of primary branches per plant (33.33 %), number of fruits per plant (83.29 %) fruit weight (21.70 %), Fruit length (35.54 %) and pericarp weight (26.51 %) exhibited significantly high value of useful heterosis. Similar findings were also reported by Gvozdenovic et al (1995).
.png)
Table 2 Range, Heterosis and most heterotic crosses for 14 characters in chilli
|
For days to 50% flowering significant negative heterosis was exhibited to an extent of –12.99%, -11.24% and –13.48% by the crosses Puri red×Lokur local, 124×Byadagi kaddi and Puri red×Lokur local over mid-parent, better parent and standard check respectively. While, same was observed up to tune of –23.87, -22.81 and –21.49 for stalk length, and –51.11 per cent for seed weight over mid-parent, better parent and standard check respectively. Negative heterosis was also reported by Singh and Singh (1976), Dikii and Anikeenko (1981) and Gopalkrishnan et al (1985).For plant height mid-parent, better parent and standard heterosis was recorded to an extent of 18.19%, 15.94% and 25.3% by the crosses 124×KDC-1 and GPC-82×Singanahalli local respectively. Previously Ishfaq and Mohammed (1997) reported positive heterosis for plant height.
A perusal of the top heterotic crosses revealed that none of the crosses was consistent for all the traits. Out of 72 crosses studied 30 showed significant positive stranded heterosis for dry fruit yield per plant over check variety Byadagi dabbi. Where as cross Co-1×Byadagi dabbi expressed the highest standard heterosis for dry fruit yield per plant and fruit weight. The cross GPC-82×Singanahalli local showed consistent heterotic effect over mid-parent, better parent and standard check with 95.56%, 91.30% and 33.33% respectively. The crosses 124×KDC-1 and Punjab lal×KDC-1 recorded the highest heterotic effects for number of secondary branches and number of fruits per plant over standard check Byadagi dabbi respectively. For fruit length significant economic heterosis was observed with 24 crosses, of which only eight crosses had positive magnitude, which may be due to presence of non-allelic gene effects. The cross G-3×VN-2 showed highest fruit diameter (8.29%) over standard check. Positive heterosis for fruit diameter was also reported by Anandanayaki and Natarajan (2000) and Nandadevi and Hosmani (2003).
In the present investigation considerable amount of heterosis was observed in desired direction for all the characters studied. Only eight of 72 hybrids exhibited significant positive heterosis of more than 30%. The combinations Co-1×Byadagi dabbi (49.09%), Co-1× Lokur local (40.97%), G-3×Lokur local (39.32%), Co-1×KDC-1 (36.10%), G-4×Byadagi dabbi (34.19%) and Kunkur-3×Byadagi dabbi (32.66%) were identified as the best hybrids, as they have recorded highest heterosis over standard check Byadagi dabbi for dry fruit yield per plant along with yield contributing characters viz., number of secondary branches, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit weight and pericarp weight.
Material and Methods
An experiment was conducted at Water and Land Management Institute (WALMI), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during summer 2005. The experimental material consisted of 12 lines viz., GPC-82, S-32, 124, AR-75, Puri red, Punjab lal, DKC-8, Pant C-1, Co-1, G-3, G-4 and Kunkur-3 and six testers viz., Byadagi dabbi, Byadagi kaddi, Singanahalli local, Lokur local, KDC-1 and VN-2. These parents were crossed in Line×tester design to produce 72 hybrids. All the 72 hybrids along with parents and standard check (Byadagi dabbi) were sown on February 2005 and planted on April 2005 with two rows of ten plants each in Randomized Block Design. Observations were recorded on days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, stalk length, stalk weight, fruit weight, pericarp weight, number of seeds per fruit, seed weight and dry fruit yield per plant. The mean over two replications for all hybrids and parents for each of the trait was calculated over mid-parent, better parent and standard check and used in the estimation of heterosis as per the standard procedure given by Turner (1953) and Fonesca and Patterson (1968) respectively.
Anandanayaki B., and Natarajan S., 2000, Studies on heterosis for growth, flowering, fruit characters and yield in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), South Indian Hort,(1-6): 53-55
Dikii S.P., and Anikeenko V.S., 1981, Inheritance of some economically useful characters in hot pepper hybrids obtained using male sterility, Genetike i Selektsi, 69 (2): 22-28
Gopalkrishnan T.R., Nair C.S.J., Salikutti J., and Peter K.V., 1985, Studies on yield attributes in chilli, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut, Spices J., 8(3): 72-73
Gvozdenovic D., Takae A., Bugarski D. and Jovicevic D., 1995, Morphological characteristics of some red pepper hybrids,Selekcija i Semenarstvo, 2(2): 205-207
Ishfaq A.G., and Mohammed G.A., 1997, Heterotic development of plant characters in Capsicum species., J. Agric. Res. Pakistan, 15(4): 393-400
Mishra R.S., Lotha R.E., and Mishra S.N., 1989, Heterosis in chilli by diallel analysis. South Indian Hort, 37(3): 179-180
Nandadev I., and Hosmani R.M., 2003, Estimation of heterosis, combining ability and per se performance in summer grown chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) for yield and resistance to leaf curl complex, Capsicum Newsl., 22:59-62
Singh A., and Singh H.N., 1976, Components of variance and degree of dominance for yield contributing traits in chilli, Indian J. of Agri. Sci., 46(8): 376-381
Singh J.., 1987, Heterosis potential in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), Capsicum Newsl, 6: 52-53
Turner J.H., 1953, A study of heterosis in upland cotton, combining ability and inbreeding effects, Agron. J., 45: 487-490
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1953.00021962004500100008x
