Rimjhim Chandra

Department of Botany, Government Degree College, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, 176314, India
Author    Correspondence author
Plant Gene and Trait, 2026, Vol. 17, No. 4   
Received: 17 Apr., 2026    Accepted: 20 Jul., 2026    Published: 31 Jul., 2026

This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Stamen development is a critical process governing male fertility in flowering plants and is tightly regulated by genetic and hormonal networks. The ABC model of floral organ identity, extended to include D and E functions, explains stamen specification through the combined activity of B-, C-, and E-class MADS-box genes such as APETALA3, PISTILLATA, and AGAMOUS. In Arabidopsis thaliana, anther development proceeds through fourteen stages involving coordinated cell division, differentiation, and tissue organization. Early developmental events are controlled by receptor-like kinases including CIKs, BAM1/2, and RPK2, which regulate archesporial cell fate and parietal layer formation. Additional regulators such as SPL/NZZ, EMS1–TPD1 signaling, and MAP kinases contribute to microsporogenesis and tapetum function. Hormonal pathways involving jasmonates, gibberellins, and auxins further coordinate pollen maturation and anther dehiscence. Comparative studies in other angiosperms reveal both conserved and species-specific regulatory mechanisms. 

Stamen development; ABC model; MADS-box genes; Arabidopsis thaliana; Anther development; Microsporogenesis; Tapetum; Hormonal regulation