Liang Kaiwen

CRO Service Station, Sanya Tihitar SciTech Breeding Service Inc., Sanya, 572025, Hainan, China
Author    Correspondence author
Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding, 2025, Vol. 15, No. 6   
Received: 20 Oct., 2025    Accepted: 27 Nov., 2025    Published: 09 Dec., 2025

This study summarizes the main growth characteristics of walnut fruits from the formation of the shell to the gradual enrichment of the kernel, introduces the key metabolic steps of carbon source supply, fatty acid synthesis and triacylglycerol (TAG) assembly in the process of lipid formation, and sorts out the core regulatory factors such as WRI1, LEC1/LEC2 and ABI3. It also summarizes the main roles of structural genes such as ACCase, KAS, and LACS in lipid accumulation, summarizes the participation modes of epigenetic regulation, hormone signaling, and miRNA networks in fruit development and lipid metabolism, discusses how environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, and light affect fatty acid composition and lipid content, and combines existing multi-omics achievements. It demonstrates the overall regulatory model of walnut fruit development and oil accumulation. This research aims to provide theoretical support for the molecular breeding and precise improvement of high-oil and high-quality walnut varieties.

Walnut (Juglans regia); Fruit development; Lipid biosynthesis; Gene regulatory networks; Multi-omics analysis