Xingzhu Feng , Jianli Zhong

Hainan Institute of Biotechnology, Haikou, 570206, Hainan, China
Author    Correspondence author
Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding, 2025, Vol. 15, No. 6   
Received: 10 Nov., 2025    Accepted: 18 Dec., 2025    Published: 31 Dec., 2025

This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This study summarizes the core synthetic process of latex, including the formation of IPP precursors through the MVA/MEP pathway, as well as the extension process of the cis-polyisoprene chain under the action of HMGR, FPS, CPT and rubber granular related proteins. It also sorts out the expression characteristics of key enzyme genes and points out the rate-limiting steps that may affect the synthetic efficiency of latex. The regulatory effects of calcium signaling, MAPK cascade reaction, and hormone signals such as jasmonic acid and ethylene on latex synthesis under cut conditions were discussed. The molecular mechanisms of transcription factors such as MYC, JAZ, and ERF in latex regeneration, wound defense, and latex fluidity regulation were explained. The genetic differences affecting high-yield traits were reviewed. The interaction between the latex synthesis pathway and the defense pathway was discussed, and feasible strategies for increasing latex production, such as genetic engineering, metabolic engineering, hormone treatment and optimization of the rubber tapping system, were summarized. This research aims to provide a theoretical basis for the application of biotechnology in high-yield breeding and sustainable production of rubber trees.

Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis); Latex biosynthesis; Wounding and latex flow response; Signal transduction and transcriptional regulation; Multi-omics and molecular breeding